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ssh-keygen generates, manages and converts authentication keys for ssh(1). ssh-keygen can create keys for use by SSH protocol version 2.
The type of key to be generated is specified with the -t option. If invoked without any arguments, ssh-keygen will generate an RSA key.
ssh-keygen is also used to generate groups for use in Diffie-Hellman group exchange (DH-GEX). See the MODULI GENERATION section for details.
Use the /keygen switch to convert private keys from other formats to a PuTTY.ppk format or to change their passphrase or comment. A parameter after the /keygen switch specifies a path to an input private key file. The input key can be in OpenSSH or ssh.com format (when converting the key to the PuTTY format) or in the PuTTY format (when. Portable OpenSSH. Contribute to openssh/openssh-portable development by creating an account on GitHub.
Finally, ssh-keygen can be used to generate and update Key Revocation Lists, and to test whether given keys have been revoked by one. See the KEY REVOCATION LISTS section for details.
Normally each user wishing to use SSH with public key authentication runs this once to create the authentication key in ~/.ssh/id_dsa, ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa, ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa_sk, ~/.ssh/id_ed25519, ~/.ssh/id_ed25519_sk or ~/.ssh/id_rsa. Additionally, the system administrator may use this to generate host keys, as seen in /etc/rc.
How To Use Ssh Keygen
Normally this program generates the key and asks for a file in which to store the private key. The public key is stored in a file with the same name but “.pub” appended. The program also asks for a passphrase. The passphrase may be empty to indicate no passphrase (host keys must have an empty passphrase), or it may be a string of arbitrary length. A passphrase is similar to a password, except it can be a phrase with a series of words, punctuation, numbers, whitespace, or any string of characters you want. Good passphrases are 10-30 characters long, are not simple sentences or otherwise easily guessable (English prose has only 1-2 bits of entropy per character, and provides very bad passphrases), and contain a mix of upper and lowercase letters, numbers, and non-alphanumeric characters. The passphrase can be changed later by using the -p option.
There is no way to recover a lost passphrase. If the passphrase is lost or forgotten, a new key must be generated and the corresponding public key copied to other machines.
ssh-keygen will by default write keys in an OpenSSH-specific format. This format is preferred as it offers better protection for keys at rest as well as allowing storage of key comments within the private key file itself. The key comment may be useful to help identify the key. The comment is initialized to “user@host” when the key is created, but can be changed using the -c option.
It is still possible for ssh-keygen to write the previously-used PEM format private keys using the -m flag. This may be used when generating new keys, and existing new-format keys may be converted using this option in conjunction with the -p (change passphrase) flag.
After a key is generated, ssh-keygen will ask where the keys should be placed to be activated.
The options are as follows:
-A-f has also been specified, its argument is used as a prefix to the default path for the resulting host key files. This is used by /etc/rc to generate new host keys.-arounds-B-bbitsOpenssh Keygen Download
-b flag determines the key length by selecting from one of three elliptic curve sizes: 256, 384 or 521 bits. Attempting to use bit lengths other than these three values for ECDSA keys will fail. ECDSA-SK, Ed25519 and Ed25519-SK keys have a fixed length and the -b flag will be ignored.-Ccomment-c-Dpkcs11-s, this option indicates that a CA key resides in a PKCS#11 token (see the CERTIFICATES section for details).-Efingerprint_hash-e-m option. The default export format is “RFC4716”. This option allows exporting OpenSSH keys for use by other programs, including several commercial SSH implementations.-Fhostname | [hostname]:port-H option to print found keys in a hashed format.-ffilename-g-r command.-Hssh and sshd, but they do not reveal identifying information should the file's contents be disclosed. This option will not modify existing hashed hostnames and is therefore safe to use on files that mix hashed and non-hashed names.-h-Icertificate_identity-i-m option and print an OpenSSH compatible private (or public) key to stdout. This option allows importing keys from other software, including several commercial SSH implementations. The default import format is “RFC4716”.-K-kssh-keygen will generate a KRL file at the location specified via the -f flag that revokes every key or certificate presented on the command line. Keys/certificates to be revoked may be specified by public key file or using the format described in the KEY REVOCATION LISTS section.-L-lssh-keygen tries to find the matching public key file and prints its fingerprint. If combined with -v, a visual ASCII art representation of the key is supplied with the fingerprint.-Mgenerate-Mscreen-mkey_format-i (import), -e (export) conversion options, and the -p change passphrase operation. The latter may be used to convert between OpenSSH private key and PEM private key formats. The supported key formats are: “RFC4716” (RFC 4716/SSH2 public or private key), “PKCS8” (PKCS8 public or private key) or “PEM” (PEM public key). By default OpenSSH will write newly-generated private keys in its own format, but when converting public keys for export the default format is “RFC4716”. Setting a format of “PEM” when generating or updating a supported private key type will cause the key to be stored in the legacy PEM private key format.-Nnew_passphrase-nprincipals
-Ooptionssh-keygen has been requested to perform. When signing certificates, one of the options listed in the CERTIFICATES section may be specified here. Adobe after effects saber.
When performing moduli generation or screening, one of the options listed in the MODULI GENERATION section may be specified.
When generating a key that will be hosted on a FIDO authenticator, this flag may be used to specify key-specific options. Those supported at present are:
application- Override the default FIDO application/origin string of “ssh:”. This may be useful when generating host or domain-specific resident keys. The specified application string must begin with “ssh:”.
challenge=path- Specifies a path to a challenge string that will be passed to the FIDO token during key generation. The challenge string may be used as part of an out-of-band protocol for key enrollment (a random challenge is used by default).
device- Explicitly specify a fido(4) device to use, rather than letting the token middleware select one.
no-touch-required- Indicate that the generated private key should not require touch events (user presence) when making signatures. Note that sshd(8) will refuse such signatures by default, unless overridden via an authorized_keys option.
resident- Indicate that the key should be stored on the FIDO authenticator itself. Resident keys may be supported on FIDO2 tokens and typically require that a PIN be set on the token prior to generation. Resident keys may be loaded off the token using ssh-add(1).
user- A username to be associated with a resident key, overriding the empty default username. Specifying a username may be useful when generating multiple resident keys for the same application name.
verify-required- Indicate that this private key should require user verification for each signature. Not all FIDO tokens support this option. Currently PIN authentication is the only supported verification method, but other methods may be supported in the future.
write-attestation=path- May be used at key generation time to record the attestation data returned from FIDO tokens during key generation. Please note that this information is potentially sensitive. By default, this information is discarded.
The -O option may be specified multiple times.
-Ppassphrase-pOpenssh Keygen 2019
-Q-l option is also specified then the contents of the KRL will be printed.-qssh-keygen.-Rhostname | [hostname]:port-H option above).-rhostname-sca_keyWhen generating a KRL, -s specifies a path to a CA public key file used to revoke certificates directly by key ID or serial number. See the KEY REVOCATION LISTS section for details.
-tdsa | ecdsa | ecdsa-sk | ed25519 | ed25519-sk | rsaThis flag may also be used to specify the desired signature type when signing certificates using an RSA CA key. The available RSA signature variants are “ssh-rsa” (SHA1 signatures, not recommended), “rsa-sha2-256”, and “rsa-sha2-512” (the default).
-U-s, this option indicates that a CA key resides in a ssh-agent(1). See the CERTIFICATES section for more information.-u-k, keys listed via the command line are added to the existing KRL rather than a new KRL being created.-Vvalidity_intervalThe start time may be specified as the string “always” to indicate the certificate has no specified start time, a date in YYYYMMDD format, a time in YYYYMMDDHHMM[SS] format, a relative time (to the current time) consisting of a minus sign followed by an interval in the format described in the TIME FORMATS section of sshd_config(5).
The end time may be specified as a YYYYMMDD date, a YYYYMMDDHHMM[SS] time, a relative time starting with a plus character or the string “forever” to indicate that the certificate has no expiry date.
For example: “+52w1d” (valid from now to 52 weeks and one day from now), “-4w:+4w” (valid from four weeks ago to four weeks from now), “20100101123000:20110101123000” (valid from 12:30 PM, January 1st, 2010 to 12:30 PM, January 1st, 2011), “-1d:20110101” (valid from yesterday to midnight, January 1st, 2011), “-1m:forever” (valid from one minute ago and never expiring).
-vssh-keygen to print debugging messages about its progress. This is helpful for debugging moduli generation. Multiple -v options increase the verbosity. The maximum is 3.-wprovider-Yfind-principals-s flag in an authorized signers file provided using the -f flag. The format of the allowed signers file is documented in the ALLOWED SIGNERS section below. If one or more matching principals are found, they are returned on standard output.-Ycheck-novalidatessh-keygen-Ysign has a valid structure. This does not validate if a signature comes from an authorized signer. When testing a signature, ssh-keygen accepts a message on standard input and a signature namespace using -n. A file containing the corresponding signature must also be supplied using the -s flag. Successful testing of the signature is signalled by ssh-keygen returning a zero exit status.-Ysign
Cryptographically sign a file or some data using a SSH key. When signing, ssh-keygen accepts zero or more files to sign on the command-line - if no files are specified then ssh-keygen will sign data presented on standard input. Signatures are written to the path of the input file with “.sig” appended, or to standard output if the message to be signed was read from standard input. The key used for signing is specified using the -f option and may refer to either a private key, or a public key with the private half available via ssh-agent(1). An additional signature namespace, used to prevent signature confusion across different domains of use (e.g. Mac mini 2018 storage upgrade. file signing vs email signing) must be provided via the -n flag. Namespaces are arbitrary strings, and may include: “file” for file signing, “email” for email signing. For custom uses, it is recommended to use names following a NAMESPACE@YOUR.DOMAIN pattern to generate unambiguous namespaces.
-Yverifyssh-keygen-Ysign as described above. When verifying a signature, ssh-keygen accepts a message on standard input and a signature namespace using -n. A file containing the corresponding signature must also be supplied using the -s flag, along with the identity of the signer using -I and a list of allowed signers via the -f flag. The format of the allowed signers file is documented in the ALLOWED SIGNERS section below. A file containing revoked keys can be passed using the -r flag. The revocation file may be a KRL or a one-per-line list of public keys. Successful verification by an authorized signer is signalled by ssh-keygen returning a zero exit status.-y-Zcipher
-zserial_numberWhen generating a KRL, the -z flag is used to specify a KRL version number.